A scientific theory must make testable or refutable predictions of what should happen or be seen under a given set of new, independent, observing or analysis circumstances from the particular problem or observation the theory was originally designed to explain.

Example: Planet Neptune's inferred presence from Uranus' peculiar lagging and confirmation via telescope observation right where application of Newton celestial mechanics (gravity) theory said it should be.

Example: Madagascar hosts great variety of tenrecs

Morphologically and ecologically resemble hedgehogs, shrews, opossums, mice, & otters.

Claims of Darwinian history for tenrecs:

• Increasing width of channel between Madagascar + rest of Africa

• Tenrecs could raft across narrower channel

• Present channel too wide for more advanced mammals

• Tenrecs more alike each other anatomically and protein-structure level than like other mammals.

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